Which bodily materials are richest for DNA analysis?

Blood and semen are considered the richest sources for DNA analysis due to their high cellular content. Blood, for example, contains a large number of nucleated cells, primarily white blood cells, which hold intact DNA. Semen is also highly beneficial for DNA extraction because it contains sperm cells, which possess a complete set of genetic material. These materials are not only abundant but also provide a higher concentration of genetic information, making them ideal for forensic analysis.

In comparison, while hair can provide DNA, it is often only available if the hair root is intact, and the amount of nuclear DNA extracted from hair shafts is typically insufficient for thorough analysis. Nails can also be challenging as they are composed mostly of keratin and contain very little DNA. Saliva may contain some DNA, but the concentration is generally lower than what is found in blood or semen, and urine mostly comprises waste products, often lacking viable cellular DNA. Finally, skin and tissues can provide DNA, but the quality and quantity can vary significantly depending on the condition of the sample and the method of collection. Therefore, blood and semen are the best choices for reliable and comprehensive DNA analysis.