How many major ridge patterns are commonly identified in fingerprints?

The identification of major ridge patterns in fingerprints commonly includes three distinct types: loops, whorls, and arches. These categories provide a framework for classifying fingerprint patterns, which is essential in forensic science. Each pattern has unique characteristics that aid in identifying individuals, as no two fingerprints are exactly alike.

Loops consist of ridges that enter from one side, curve around, and exit the same side, making them the most prevalent type. Whorls form circular or spiral patterns and have at least two deltas. Arches, on the other hand, are characterized by ridges that rise in the center, creating an upward wave. These three categories are foundational in fingerprint analysis and critical in law enforcement and forensic investigations for matching and identifying suspects or victims.

The incorrect options suggest fewer or more than three major patterns, which do not encompass the complete range of ridge patterns used in forensic fingerprint analysis.